第十三課時 動 詞(三)
教學重點
一、助動詞
助動詞本身沒有詞義,不能單獨作謂語,隻能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,表示否定、疑問、時态、語态等語法形式,或用來加強語氣。常用的助動詞有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它們的具體用法如下:
(1)助動詞be
A. 可用于構成進行時态
She is doing her homework now.
I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.
B. 可用于構成被動語态
The baby was put in bed by his mother.
The invitation was received yesterday.
C. 可與動詞不定式構成謂語
These books are not to be taken out of the room.
She is to arrive at six this morning.
(2)助動詞have
A. 構成完成時态
I have not seen him for three years.
How long has your uncle taught in the village?
He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.
B. 和動詞不定式構成謂語,表示因客觀環境促使不得不做的事情
She had to go shopping yesterday.
(3)助動詞do
A. 構成疑問句和否定句
Did anyone sharpen this knife?
I don’t think you are right.
B.用來加強語氣
I do want to have a talk with you
Do come and see me.
C.用來代替動詞詞組
Have you finished your work? Yes, I did yesterday.
He plays basketball well. So does his brother.
(4)助動詞shall
構成将來時态,單純表示未來情況
I shall not be back tonight.
We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.
(5)助動詞will
構成将來時,用于第一、二、三人稱。如:
They will move to a new house.
She will not eat any solid food.
注意:
(1)have to 與must的區别
must是情态動詞,意思是“必須”、“應該”、“一定要”,後接動詞原形。Must的否定形式為mustn’t.構成疑問句時,肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”。如:
Must I do it now ?
Yes, you must No, you needn’t.
have to 表示“不得不,必須”,可用于多種時态。
I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.
I’m sorry I won’t go with you, I’ll have to go to the bank.
We don’t have to install this new television set.
(2)used to 表示過去常常,而現在不再有的習慣。其否定形式為: used not to, usedn’t (usen’t) to , didn’t use to.
I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.
I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.
Used they to have a lot more free time ?
第十四課時 動 詞(四)
教學重點
情态動詞
(1)情态動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀态的态度,或表示主觀設想。情态動詞有自己的詞義,但不能單獨作謂語動詞,必須和不帶to的動詞不定式連用,沒有人稱和數的變化,常用的情态動詞有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.
① 情态動詞有自己的詞義,表示說話人對某一動作或狀态的态度,或主觀設想。如:
You may go now.
This bus can seat 40 people.
The work must be finished as soon as possible.
② 情态動詞不能單獨作謂語,必須和不帶to的不定式連用,沒有人稱和數的變化。
③ 情态動詞有現在式和過去式兩種形式。
(2)情态動詞的用法。
① may的用法
a. 表示允許或征詢對方的許可,有“可以”的意思。May not表示說話人“不許可”,如:
You may go now.
May I use you typewrite?
You may not go=I do not permit you to go.
b. 在回答may引導的疑問句時,肯定回答用yes, you may否定用No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t或No, you had better not.
② can的用法
a.表示能力,有“能、會、能夠”的意思。
b. 表示允許,在口語中代替may,有“可以的意思。
c. 表示“可能性”,常用于否定句或疑問句。
The hall can hold at least 200 people.
The librarian said we could take these books.
Today is Sunday, he can’t be at school today.
d. can和be able to的用法比較
can用來表達能力時,由于隻有現在時和過去時兩種形式,其他時态要用be able to來表達。如:
I can play piano.
He has not been able to finish the work in time.
③ must 的用法
a. must表示必須,應該。如:
Must I come to the party?
The article must be completed before Friday.
b. must的否定形式mustn’t, 表示“不應該、不可以、禁止”。如:
You mustn’t get to school too late.
Must I do it now? Yes, you must. No, you needn’t
She must have gone to Beijing.
You must say sorry to me for that
You mustn’t clean only own room.
④ need的用法
a. need作為情态動詞主要用于否定句和疑問句,較少用于肯定句。如:
I needn’t wear a coat. = I don’t think I need wear a coat.
I don’t need things like that.
⑤ shall
用于第二、第三人稱,表示說話人的意願。如:
He shall get his money.
You shall do exactly as you wish.
Shall I turn on the light?
Shall I poen the window?
⑥ would的用法
表示願望、決心、建議或看法,如:
I would like to go there.
I promised that I would do my best.
表示過去的習慣.
He would often come to my house to see me.
第十五課時 動詞的時态(一)
教學重點
一般現在時
在英語中,不同時間裡以不同方式發生的動作或存在的狀态,要用不同的動詞形式來表示,動詞的這種不同形式稱為動詞的時态。
時态從時間上劃分,可分為四大類:現在時;過去時;将來時;過去将來時。從行為上,每一類可以分為四種形式:一般式;進行式;完成式;完成進行式。這樣英語的動詞合起來,總共有十六種時态,初中隻需掌握其中的八種時态。
1、一般現在時
(1)一般現在時表示現在的狀态、習慣性的動作或主語所具備的性格和能力等。
① 當動詞是be時,第一人稱用am,第二人稱用is,其他人稱用are.
② 當動詞是實義動詞時,一般用動詞原形,但如果主語是第三人稱單數時,動詞必須用第三人稱單數形式,其變化規則如下:
助動詞do(第三人稱單數用does)構成否定句、疑問句及答語,但要注意助動詞後原來的謂語動詞要恢複原形。例如:
I like music. I don’t like music.
Do you like music? Yes, I do No, I don’t
(2)一般現在時的用法
① 表示經常、習慣性動作,常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等時間狀語連用。如:
He goes to school by bus every day.
They often play football
② 表示能力、職業、特征。如:
Miss Gao teaches English.
Do you speak Japanese?
③ 表示客觀存在。如:
The earth moves round the sun.
Time and tide wait for no man.
④ 表示已經安排好或計劃好的事。如
The plane takes off at 7:30.
Classes begin at 8:00
⑤ 在時間狀語和條件狀語從句中,主句用一般将來時,從句用一般現在時。如:
If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.
We’ll wait until he comes back.
注意:
a. 一般現在時的一些常見的時間狀語有:always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time
b. 現在進行時有時用來代替一般現在時,表示一個經常性的重複的動作或狀态。這時句中常帶always, forever以表示說話人的某種感情,如贊歎、厭煩等。如:
He is always thinking of others.
He is always talking big.
第十六課時 動詞的時态(二)
教學重點
一般過去時
一般過去時
(1)一般過去時表示過去某一時間所發生的動作或存在的狀态。
① 當動詞為be動詞時,應該用相應的過去式:
am is ---- was are ---- were
否定形式為:was not ---- wasn’t were not ---- weren’t
疑問句是将was, were 置于主語之前。
I was in Grade Three last term.
I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.
Which grade were you in?
② 當動詞為實義動詞時,用動詞的過去式,過去式的變化有規則和不規則變化。規則變化如下:
動詞過去式的不規則變化需要逐個記憶。見初三教材後的不規則動詞變化形式表。
go ---- went begin ---- began sleep ---- slept run ---- ran
I heard the good news just now.
The twins didn’t go to school last week
Did you see the film yesterday ?
(2)一般過去時的用法
① 表示過去某一時間或一段時間發生的動作或存在的狀态。常和表示過去的狀語連用:yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如:
They had a baby last month.
My mother was ill yesterday.
He went out just now.
② 用于since引導的從句,主句的謂語動詞如果用現在完成時,since引導的從句一般要用一般過去時。如:
He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.
You haven’t changed much since we last met.
注意:
a. 表示過去的時間狀語常見的有:yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引導的的表示過去的時間狀語。
b. 一般過去時可以用來表示現在的時間, 這主要用于日常會話,使用的語氣較為婉轉客氣。如:
I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.
第十七課時 動詞的時态(三)
教學重點
一般将來時 過去将來時
一般将來時
(1)一般将來時表示将要發生的動作或存在的狀态。常與表示将來的時間狀語連用:tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如
I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.
I’ll be there in half an hour.
We’ll arrive tomorrow.
(2)一般将來時的構成
① be going to 動詞原形。Be随主語人稱和數的變化而變化,否定句在be後面加not, 疑問句是将be放到主語之後。例如:
It’s going to be fine tomorrow.
He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.
What are you going to do next?
② will 動詞原形。Will可以和各種人稱及數的主語連用。否定句在will後加not,縮寫成won’t,疑問句需将will提至主語之前。例如:
We will have a basketball match next week.
Will you come to the party?
I son’t lend it to you.
③ shall 動詞原形。此結構常用于主語為第人稱I / we的句中,疑問句表示提建議或征求意見。如:
When and where shall we meet ?
Shall I turn on the TV ?
(3) 一般将來時的基本用法。
① “be going to 動詞原形”表示“意圖”,即打算、計劃要做某事。如:
Are you going to post the letter ?
How long is he going to stay here ?
② “be going to 動詞原形”還可以表示“預見”,即現在已有迹象表明将要發生的事。如:
There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.
It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.
③ “will 動詞原形”表示客觀上要發生的事或表示“帶意願色彩的将來”。如:
He will help you if you ask him.
They will come back tomorrow.
過去将來時
過去将來時表示在過去将來的某一時間發生的動作或存在的狀态。常用于賓語從句中。其結構與一般将來時類似,隻需将助動詞改為過去式。
am/ is/ are going to 動詞原形→was/ were going to 動詞原形
will 動詞原形→ would 動詞原形
should 動詞原形 → should 動詞原形
例如:
You knew I would come.
He asked me when he would see me again.
Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.
第十八課時 動詞的時态(四)
教學重點
現在進行時 過去進行時
1、現在進行時
(1)現在進行時表示現在或現階段正在發生或進行的動作。它是由“be 動詞的現在分詞”構成。其否定句是在be之後加not。疑問句則将be提到主語之前。
(2) 現在分詞的構成
(3)現在進行時的用法。
① 表示說話時正在進行的動作。如:
What are you doing ? Who are you waiting for ?
I’m cooking
② 表示現階段一直在進行的動作,但說話時不一定在進行。如:
He is working in a factory. She is translating look now.
③ 表示不斷重複的動作。如:
The boy is always asking some strange questions.
The children are singing and dancing.
④ 表示位置移動的動詞,可以用現在進行時表示将要發生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如:
When are you starting ? I’m leaving tomorrow.
2、過去進行時
過去進行時表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。
過去進行時常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其構成和現在進行時類似,隻需将be變為相應的過去式:was/ were 動詞-ing。如:
What were you doing this time yesterday ?
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
I was watching TV.
I was writing while my mother was cooking.
教學難點:
① 過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發生時或發生之後,另一個過去的動作正在進行。過去進行時也可用來表示過去一段時間内持續發生的動作。如:
When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.
當我在花園澆水時,突然下雨了。
While we were having a party, the lights went out.
② 過去進行時還可以表示兩個過去的動作同時進行,這時可用連接詞while引導。如:
George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.
③ “was going 不定式”表示過去打算。如
He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算當我們的領隊。
④ 過去進行時與一般過去的區别
過去進行時表示在過去一段時間正在進行的動作,而一般過去時表示一個完成的動作。如:
I was typing letters last night.
I typed some letters last night.
第十九課時 動詞的時态(五)
教學重點
現在完成時(一)
現在完成時
(1)現在完成時表示某個動作發生在過去,但對現在有影響(或結果),這個動作或狀态可能已經結束,也可能還要持續下去。
其構成形式是: have/ has 動詞過去分詞
否定句在have/ has 後加not→haven’t/ hasn’t
疑問句要将have/ has放到主語之前。
(2)現在完成時的用法。
① 表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響和結果。常用的時間狀語有:already, yet, ever, never, just等。如:
I have already finished the work.
Have you ever been to Beijing?
He has never seen such a nice car.
② 表示過去已經開始,持續到現在的動作或狀态。往往和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
for 時間段;
since 時間點(表時間段);時間段 ago;一般過去時态。如:
I have taught in this school for ten years.
I have taught in this school since ten years ago.
③ for和since引導的短語都表示“一段時間”,所以謂語動詞應該用延續性動詞,不能用非延續性動詞。延續性動詞表示該動詞可以延續一段時間,如:live, work, study, teach, stay等,非延續性動詞是指該動詞所表示的動作不能持續,是短暫的、瞬間完成的,如:borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。
許多非延續性動詞可以用意思相同或相近的延續性動詞來表示:
leave ---- be away from arrive ---- be in
go ---- be away come ---- be in / at finish ---- be over
buy ---- have borrow ---- keep die ---- be dead
join ---- be in/be a member of begin ---- be on
如:He has gone He has been away for an hour
I have bought a watch I have had the watch for several days
④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to
have/ has been to :曾去過
have/ has gone to :已去,去了(不在說話現場,在途中或已經到達)
My mother has been to America. 我媽媽曾經去過美國
My mother has gone to America. 我媽媽已經去了美國
(3)現在完成時與一般過去時的用法比較
① 一般過去時隻單純表示過去,和現在不發生聯系,它可以和确定的表示過去的時間狀語連用。而現在完成時表示某一完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,強調的是現在的情況,所以不能和确定的過去的時間狀語連用。如:
We have visited the farm(現在對農場有所了解)
We visited the farm last week(說明上周參觀農場這件事)
② 如果詢問某事發生的時間、地點隻能用一般過去時。如:
When did you lose your cat ?
I lost it last night. I found it in the garden.
第二十課時 動詞的時态(六)
教學重點
現在完成時(二) 過去完成時
現在完成時難點:
① 由since引導的時間狀語,它們的主句通常使用完成時态。
He has taught English since 1970.
It has been a long time since I last saw you.
② 隻有在It is …since…這種結構中,主句的謂語才可用一般現在時,現在完成時或一般過去時。如:
It’s ten years since I left school.
It’s a long time since I saw you last.
③ 表示短暫性的動詞不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用,這類動詞有:
begin, borrow, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish,
join, kill, lend, leave, sell, start, stop等,如:
不能說:His father has died for three years.
隻能說:His father died three years ago.
不能說:He has left home for two months.
隻能說:He left home two months ago.
④ 非延續性動詞的否定形式可以表示狀态的延續。可與for, since時間狀語連用。如:
I haven’t seen him for a long time.
I haven’t heard from him since he left.
She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.
⑤ have(has) been 和have (has) gone的區别。
Have been to a place意思是“到過、去過”,表示曾到過某處,但現在人不在那兒;have gone to意思是“去了”,表示已經去了某地,現在人可能在去的途中或已在那兒。如:
Has she ever been to Nanjing ?
You have never been there before, have you?
I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.
總之,have been to講的是過去的情況,強調去過或沒有,着重于到目前為止的一個結果,而have gone to指現在人在不在,隻用于第三人稱,不用于第一、第二人稱,不能用來代替have been to.
2、過去完成時
(1)過去完成時表示在過去某一時間之前已經發生的動作或存在的狀态。其結構是:had 動詞過去分詞。否定、疑問句同現在完成時一樣。
(2)用法
① 表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成的動作,即“過去的過去”。如:
The meeting had begun when we got there.
He said he had seen the film.
② 表示某一動作在過去某一時間已經開始,一直延續到過去的另一時間,常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用。如:
The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.
She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
第二十一課時 動詞時态的一緻
教學重點
時态的一緻
時态的一緻主要是指在主從複合句中,主句與從句之間的時态一緻通常主句的時态決定從句的時态。原則是:當主句是現在時與将來時,從句的謂語根據具體情況可以使用任何時态。但是,當主句謂語使用過去時,從句必須使用過去時态。如下表:
1、賓語從句和間接引語與主句的時态一緻,符合上述原則。但如果賓語從句表示客觀事實和真理,即使主句謂語用過去時,從句的謂語也應該使用一般現在時:如:
Our teacher told us a little knowledge is dangerous
我們老師告訴我們一知半解是危險的。
He said that light travels faster than sound.
他說光傳播速度比聲音快。
2、有些形容詞後可以跟從句,這種從句常看成賓語從句,它的主、從句時态也符合上述原則。這些形容詞有:afraid, glad, sure, sorry, certain, aware, confident, delighted, lucky, surprised, worried。如:
I’m sure that he will succeed.
3、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句也要與主句的時态一緻。如:
That is why he was late for school.
例題:
1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She _______ to the station to meet Mr Brown.
A. went B. has gone C. has been D. would go
2. ________ a letter from him since he left.
A. haven’t got B. didn’t receive C. didn’t have D. haven’t feel
3. When I came in, they______ games in the room.
A. were playing B. are playing C. played D. plays
4. Hurry up! The play ________ for ten minutes.
A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
,
更多精彩资讯请关注tft每日頭條,我们将持续为您更新最新资讯!