1、except和besides都可解作“除……之外” 但含義不同。
except 表示“從所提到的人或事物中除去,即從整體中除去一部分”,表示遞減的概念,含義是否定的。
besides表示“除了……之外,還有……”,指“在整體中加入一部分”,表示遞加的概念,含義是肯定的。
試比較:
①We all went except him. 除他之外,我們都去了。(他沒有去)
②We all went besides him. 除他之外,我們大家也都去了。(他也去了)
(1)besides常與other/more/else等詞連用 ,except常與all/every/everyone/none/nobody/everything/nothing等總括詞連用。
eg. He had other people to take care of besidesme.
All the students in Class One went to the cinema except Li Ping.
(2)若句中沒有實義動詞do的某種形式,except後接動詞不定式,而besides後接動詞的-ing形式。
eg.I had no choice except to obey/besides obeying his order.
(3)若句中有實義動詞do的某種形式,二者後面都可以接動詞原形。
eg.She has nothing to do except/besides go with him.
(4)二者後面都可以接從句。
eg.①Besides that he explained the theory he gave us some examples.
②He is a good student except that he sometimes comes late to school.
(5)except後面可接for(構成短語except for)或其他介詞短語,而besides不能。
except for主要有三層含義:
①表示對整體主要部分的肯定和對局部的否定,起部分修正主要意思的作用。
eg.Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
②表示非同類事物進行比較。
eg.The street is empty except for several cars.
③置于句首,表達except的含義。
eg.Except for this,everything is in order.
except for後接名(代)詞,可以轉移為except+從句或其他介詞短語。
eg.The climate here is good except for some rainy days.(except when it rains;except that it sometimes rains;except on the rainy days)
注意:二者用于否定句時含義相同,意思是一樣的。
eg. He did nothing besides (=except) this.
除這件事外,他什麼事也沒做。
2、apart from兼有besides和except for兩種含義,後接名詞、代詞或動名詞。
3、 but含義與except相同,都表示遞減的概念,二者在多數情況下可以互換,但用法稍有區别。
①except可以代替but,但but并不一定都可以代替except,如果句中有no、all、nobody、who、where等不定代詞或疑問詞時,多用but;後跟賓語從句時,多用except。
②but for含義有時與except for相同,但主要表示“要不是……”,常用于虛拟句,表示一種假設。
③but位置的變化會引起人稱代詞主、賓格的變化。
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