在組織和協調群體活動的過程中，管理者必須依循人本、系統、效益及适度等基本原理，利用理性分析和直覺判斷等基本方法，借助權力和組織文化等基本工具。

In the process of organizing and coordinating group activities, managers must follow basic principles such as human subjects, systems, benefits and moderate, using basic methods such as rational analysis and intuitive judgment, with basic tools such as power and organizational culture.

一、管理的基本原理

管理的基本原理是管理者在組織管理活動的實踐中必須依循的基本規律。這些規律主要有人本原理、系統原理、效益原理以及适度原理。

(一）人本原理

組織是人的集合體，組織活動是由人來進行的,組織活動的管理既是對人的管理，也是通過人進行的管理。人是組織的中心，也是管理的中心，人本原理當是管理的首要原理。

(二)系統原理

系統是指由若幹相互依存、相互作用的要素或子系統組合而成的具有特定功能的有機整體。客觀世界中存在形形色色的系統。根據不同的标準，系統可以分成不同類型。從系統形成方式看，可分為自然系統與人造系統。自然系統是由自然物質組成的系統，人造系統則是人為了實現某種目的而有意識建立的系統。從系統是否與環境交互作用看，可分成封閉系統和開放系統。封閉系統是指不與外界進行物質、信息、能量交換的系統，開放系統則在存在與運行過程中不斷地與外界發生交互作用。從系統狀态是否發生變化這個角度來分析，可以分成靜态系統和動态系統。靜态系統的結構和狀态不随時間而改變，動态系統的結構和狀态随時間而改變。顯然，我們研究的組織、組織所從事的活動以及對組織活動的管理都是人造、開放、動态的系統類型。

(三)效益原理

任何組織在任何時期的存在都是為了實現一定的目标。同時,任何組織在任何時期的目标活動都需要組合和利用一定的資源，從而付出一定的代價。效益是指組織目标的實現與實現組織目标所付代價之間的一種比例關系。追求組織活動的效益就是盡量以較少的資源消耗去實現組織的既定目标。

I. Basic principle of management

The basic principle of management is the basic laws that managers must follow in the practice of organizing management activities. These regularities are mainly principled, system principles, benefits principles, and moderate principles.

(1) Human principles

Organization is a human aggregate, organizational activity is carried out by people, and the management of organizational activities is both the management of people and through people. People are the center of the organization, and the center of management, the principle of humanbook is the primary principle of management.

(2) System principle

The system refers to an organic whole with a plurality of interdependence, interacting elements or subsystems. Objective world has a variety of systems. According to different standards, the system can be divided into different types. From the system formation method, it can be divided into natural systems and artificial systems. The natural system is a system consisting of natural substances, and the artificial system is a system that is consciously established in order to achieve some purpose. From the system interaction, it can be divided into a closed system and an open system. The closed system refers to a system that does not perform substances, information, energy exchange with the outside, and the open system is constantly interacting with the outside world during existence. Analysis from whether the system state changes this angle, it can be divided into static systems and dynamic systems. The structure and status of the static system do not change over time, the structure and state of the dynamic system changes over time. Obviously, our organization, organizations, and management of organizational activities are artificial, open, dynamic system types.

(3) Benefit principle

Any organization in any period is to achieve a certain goal. At the same time, any organization in any period is needed to combine and use a certain resource to pay a certain price. Benefits refers to an integral relationship between organizational goals and a proportional relationship between the cost payment payable. The benefits of pursuing organizational activities are to achieve the established target of the organization with less resource consumption.

二、管理的基本方法

管理者在組織管理活動的過程中，需要借助大量的方法。根據管理對象的不

同，這些方法包括與人有關的管理方法、與物有關的管理方法、與資金管理有關的管理方法以及與活動組織有關的管理方法;根據活動選擇與組織實施的階段不同，這些方法涉及方案的制定、方案的比較、方案的組織實施以及實施過程中的控制;根據管理的層次，這些方法可分成宏觀的管理方法、中觀的管理方法以及微觀的管理方法;根據屬性的不同，管理方法可分成法律方法、行政方法、經濟方法以及教育方法;等等。抽象地看，這些方法或者以理性分析為基礎，或者以直覺判斷為依據。

Second, the basic method of management

Managers need a large number of methods in the process of organizing management activities. According to the management object

With these methods, these methods include management methods related to people, relevant management methods related to objects, management methods related to capital management, and management methods related to activities; different phases depending on the activity selection and organizational implementation, these methods involve programs Develop, schemes, organizational implementation, and control during the implementation process; Divided into legal methods, administrative methods, economic methods, and education methods; Abstractively, these methods are based on rational analysis, or based on intuitive judgment.

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素材來源于《管理學》 高等教育出版社

圖片來源于百度

翻譯來源于谷歌翻譯‍

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