The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth-century opened up a southern route.

這個句子很長，需要耐心讀完，先讀一遍之後找出生詞。

本句的難點在于一是長度，二是生詞有些多。

一節一節地‬理解：

The central state，中央的州（或者國家）；

though often very rich and very populous，though 表示轉折，雖然非常富有且人口衆多；

was intrinsically fragile，兩個生詞，（本質上地；脆弱的），本質上是很脆弱的；

since the development of new international trade routes，看到since首先想到的是原因狀語，因為新的國際貿易路線的發展；

could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, undermine，monetary，erode三個生詞：削弱；貨币的金融的；侵蝕，削弱；）

as occurred，正當（when引導的定語從句）出現；

when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants，當歐洲海員們避開中東商人們；

after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth-century opened up a southern route.

這一部分有些長，先不看around Africa in the late fifteenth-century ，這些都是voyage的定語修飾。主幹是：V.D.A的航行開辟了南方路線；修飾成分：15世紀末繞非洲的。

每次把句子這麼一拆分，就感覺句子的意思是非常明确了，平時練習的次數多，練習的句子多了，就能做到立馬領會句子的含義，這就提高了閱讀速度。

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