句 子 成 分
概 述
英語在其長期發展過程中形成了一種相對固定的句子結構:“主語 謂語”,這與漢語是相似的。“主語”是句子的話題,是信息傳遞的出發點;“謂語”是對話題所作的說明,是說話人說要傳遞的信息。試觀察下列句子:
主語 謂語
I am a Chinese boy.
Mary has two best friends
Seeing is believing .
To do is harder than to say.
We wish you success!
從上述例子可以看出,作為句子的話題,主語通常是一些事物性或實體性的詞,否則,主語便不能成為句子的話題,不能成為信息傳遞的出發點。所以,主語通常是個名詞、名詞詞組、或者相當于名詞(詞組)的語法結構。而謂語是對主語所做的說明,它指出主語所表示的事物或概念是或不是什麼,有或沒有什麼,要或不要什麼,做了或未作什麼等等。因此,謂語通常是述說性的,他能說明情況,表達意願,評判美醜,分辨是非。所以,謂語通常由動詞或動詞詞組來擔任,而且謂語部分在結構上通常要比主語長一些或者更複雜一些。英語句子的謂語是動詞性的,這就是說,謂語是以動詞為中心的。而在漢語中,謂語有的是:① 動詞性的,如:“我去北京。貓吃老鼠”;但也有:② 名詞性的,如:“那張桌子四條腿。今天星期一。”如果硬說“有三條腿、是星期一”,在漢語中反倒不自然。可是,倘用英語來表達這些句子,則必須有個動詞;在漢語中還有:③ 形容詞性謂語,就是直接拿形容詞作謂語,不帶任何動詞,如:“那孩子聰明。那件事危險。”,就用不着動詞。但諸如此類的句子用英語去表達,可千萬别忘了動詞。“The boy is clever. That matter is dangerous.”
由此可見,在漢語中,名詞和形容詞都可以獨立作謂語,但在英語中卻不可以。下面我們就從主語和謂語入手詳細剖析英語的句子成分。
句子成分的定義:組成一個句子的各個部分,叫做句子成分。包括:主語、謂語(賓語、表語)、以及用于修飾句中名詞和代詞的定語、修飾句中動詞、形容詞和副詞的狀語。主語和謂語構成句子的骨架,而定語和狀語則是修飾骨架的血肉,是修飾語。句子成分主要由實詞擔任。實詞包括:名次、動詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞和數詞。虛詞在句中隻起連接、限定或表達喜怒哀樂感情等作用,不做句子成分。虛詞包括:介詞、連詞、冠詞和感歎詞等。
一 、主 語
主語相當于句子的話題或主題,即要說明的人或物。主語一般位于句首,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式裡,如:疑問句倒裝句祈使句感歎句等,句子主語也可以位于謂語動詞之後或省略。【想一想】哪些詞類或短語可以用作主語?(答:能用來做主語的有:名詞、代詞、數詞、動名詞或動名詞短語、動詞不定式或動詞不定式短語、主語從句等。)
1 名詞(或名詞詞組)
My pen is green. (單數可數名詞)
Jane is an American girl. (專有名詞)
2、代詞
I am a student. (主格人稱代詞)
Her pen is blue, and mine is red.(名詞性物主代詞)
These are my books. (指示代詞)
Who is not here today? (疑問代詞)
Nothing was wrong with his eyes. (不定代詞)
3、數詞
Two and one is three. (基數詞)
The second was a tall man. (序數詞)
4、動名詞
Eating too much is bad for your health. (動名詞)
Playing games is much better than staying at home. (動名詞短語)
5、形容詞
The rich are not always happy.(少數形容詞前邊加the 相當于名詞)
6、動詞不定式
To see is to believe.(動詞不定式)
It will take you 2 hours to get to the station.(it作形式主語,動詞不定式短語作真正主語)
7、主語從句(僅作了解)
What the teacher said yesterday is important.
△幾個常見加the後可以名詞化的形容詞是:poor, rich, young, old,happy,blind, beautiful等。
△主語和謂語的順序有兩種:(1)自然順序,即主語在前,謂語在後;(2)倒裝語序,即謂語或謂語的一部分在前, 主語位于其後。例如:
Are you a student?
Do you like English songs?
What do you speak?
There is a bird in the tree. (there be 句型)
Here is your pen. (以副詞here/there開頭的句子習慣上主謂倒裝)
There stands a policeman.
二 、謂 語
句子中用來說明主語的動作或存在的狀态的部分,叫謂語。謂語一般位于主語之後,謂語中最重要的部分是謂語動詞,它有時态、語态和語氣的變化,并受主語人稱和數的影響;既然謂語是以動詞為中心的,那麼,我們研究謂語就從動詞入手。(附:△動詞)
(一)、動詞的意義:表示動作或狀态。
(二)、動詞的用法:1、作謂語動詞;2、可以有自己的狀語;3、及物動詞有自己的賓語。
(三)、動詞的分類:
1、行為動詞(或實義動詞,v.),占動詞數量的絕大多數,具有明确的動作意義,行為動詞分為不及物動詞和及物動詞,不及物動詞本身詞義完整,可以獨立作謂語,及物動詞本身詞義不完整,必須後跟賓語共同作謂語;
2、連系動詞(link v.),起連接主語和表語的作用,本身有一定的詞義,但是較弱,它和實意動詞一樣有時态和語态的變化,也受主語的人稱和數的影響。連系動詞可分為兩大類:1)表示存在的連系動詞,如:be,keep,look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是,保持), seem(好像),lie(處于),appear(呈現)等; 2)表示變化、形成的連系動詞,如:become, get, turn, fall(變成),come(實現),grow(變成)等。
3、助動詞(aux v.),用以幫助行為動詞和聯系動詞,構成各種時态、語态、語氣,或構成疑問、否定、強調等句子結構;常見的助動詞有:be, do, have, will ( shall )。助動詞一般無詞義,不能單獨作謂語,隻能和行為動詞或聯系動詞共同作謂語動詞。 注意:上述四個助動詞都兼有另外的動詞類别,在不同的語境中扮演着不同的角色:
be
a、助動詞,幫助動詞的現在分詞構成進行時;幫助動詞的過去分詞構成被動語态;
We are running on the playground.
The flowers are often watered by me.
b、聯系動詞,表示存在,和它的表語共同構成謂語。
We are ready for the exam.
I am in Beijing now.
do
a、助動詞,幫助行為動詞構成否定句、疑問句、或對行為動詞加以強調。
I don’t know the man.
I do believe my answer is right.
b、行為動詞,“做”,例如:do shopping , do homework , do sports …等等。
have
a、助動詞,幫助動詞的過去分詞構成完成時。.
b、行為動詞,“有”、“讓……(做),使……(做)”。
I have a new MP4. / I have had my hair cut.
will
a、助動詞,幫助行為動詞構成将來時。
He will visit China next year.
b、情态動詞,表示"意願"。― Will you please…? /― Sorry, I won't.
4、情态動詞
情态動詞又被稱作情态助動詞,有一定的詞義,主要用來表示說話人對某一動作或狀态的态度或看法,表示能力、允許、請求、必要、可能、需要等。初中階段出現的情态動詞有:can / could, may/might, must, shall/should,
由此可見,行為動詞、聯系動詞是謂語動詞的核心,助動詞和情态動詞在謂語動詞中起輔助作用(幫助構成各種時态、語态、語氣、疑問、否定和強調)。因此,行為動詞和聯系動詞決定着謂語的形式,從而演變出了簡單句的五種基本句型( ①、②、③、④、⑤ ):
1、當謂語動詞是聯系動詞時,謂語的形式是:聯系動詞+表語,所構成的簡單句的基本句型是:
①“主語+聯系動詞+表語”,即“主系表”結構。
2、當謂語動詞是行為動詞時,又分為以下四種情況:
(1)、當謂語動詞是不及物動詞時,其後沒有賓語,獨自構成謂語,所構成的簡單句的基本句型是:
②“主語+不及物動詞”。即“主謂”結構。
(2)、當謂語動詞是及物動詞時,其後必須跟賓語,及物動詞和其賓語一起構成謂語。根據所跟賓語的形式(單賓語、雙賓語、複合賓語),又構成了三種簡單句的基本句型:
③“主語+及物動詞+賓語”,即“主謂賓”結構。
④“主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”,即“主謂雙賓語”結構。
⑤“主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”,賓語和賓語補足語稱作複合賓語,所以稱作“主謂複合賓語”結構。
下面就針對謂語中所包含的表語和賓語進行闡述:
1、表語
表語在句中用來說明主語的身份、性質、特征、狀态、職業、内容、數量、(動作)方向或處所等。表語一般位于連系動詞之後,二者共同構成謂語。可以擔任表語的有:名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式、動名詞、數詞以及從句(表語從句)等。例如:
(1)、名詞
Mr. Black is a worker. (名詞,表示身份。)
Ann is an American girl.
Five years later, he turned an engineer.
(2)、形容詞
Those flowers are nice.(形容詞,表示性質或特征。)
I felt sorry for them. (形容詞,表示狀态。)
We must keep healthy. (連系動詞keep+形容詞作表語)
This book looks new.
The baby falls asleep.(連系動詞fall+表語形容詞作表語)
(3)、代詞
― Who is it? (疑問代詞,表示身份。)
― It’s me. (代詞賓格,表示身份。)
These are something new. (不定代詞,表示内容。)
The man in the picture is himself. (反身代詞,表示身份。)
The right answer is that. (指示代詞,表示内容。)
(4)、動詞不定式
To see is to believe. (動詞不定式,表示内容。)
My aim is to become a doctor.(系動詞be+不定式作表語,表示内容。)
(5)、動名詞
Seeing is believing. (動名詞,表示内容。)
My job is teaching English. (動名詞短語,表示内容。)
(6)、介詞短語
Mike is from England. (表示動作方向)
Your book is on the desk. (表示處所。)
(7)、副詞
― Is Bill in? (此處的in是副詞:“在家”,表示處所。)
― No, he is out. (此處的out是副詞:“在外面”,表示處所。)
(8)、數詞
The telephone number is 3332117. (基數詞,表示内容。)
Three minus two is one. (基數詞,表示内容。)
Who is first in the high jump? (序數詞獨立作表語時前面不加the)
He is always the first to come. (to come 作 first 的定語,前面加the 。)
(9)、表語從句
That’s why I want to stay here. (表語從句,表示内容。)
2、賓語
句子中,表示謂語動詞動作對象的成分叫賓語,賓語是動作的承受着。英語中,及物動詞(或相當于及物動詞的短語動詞)、介詞後須帶賓語,少數形容詞後也可以帶賓語。可以擔任賓語的有:名詞、代詞、數詞、動詞不定式(短語)、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞以及從句(賓語從句)等。
(1)、名詞
I am reading a book. 名詞作動詞read的賓語。)
I’m going to Beijing with my father. (名詞作介詞with的賓語。)
We couldn’t finish the work without his help. (同上)
In the past, many parents couldn’t afford education for their children.
(2)、代詞
Yesterday, Tom’ mother looked after him at home.(代詞賓格him作短語動詞look after的賓語。)
Please look it up in the dictionary. (代詞賓格it 作短語動詞look up的賓語)
I have something to tell you.(不定代詞短語作動詞have的賓語)
What would you like? (疑問代詞作動詞like的賓語。)
Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. (分别作動詞bought的間接賓語和直接賓語)
We got lost and couldn’t find each other. (反身代詞)
(3)、數詞
Give me three, please! (數詞作直接賓語。)
(4)、動詞不定式(短語)
Ilike to play basketball. (作動詞的賓語。)
Glad to meet you. (作形容詞的賓語。)
Nice to see you again!(同上)
I’m sorry to trouble you. (同上)
I think it impossible to climb the mountain. (it作形式賓語,動詞不定式短語作真正賓語。)
I don’t want to there again.
I really like/hate to go shopping.
(5)、動名詞(短語)
I enjoy listening to music very much. (作動詞的賓語)
Nice meeting you here today! (作形容詞nice的賓語)
(6)、形容詞
We must help the poor. (作動詞的賓語)
The new always takes place of the old. (作介詞of的賓語)
(7)、賓語從句
He knows who is right. (作動詞的賓語)
I want to know what color is her favorite. (作動詞不定式to know 賓語)
I’m sure that she’ll come soon.(作形容詞sure的賓語)
I’m thinking of where I should go during the vacation. (作介詞of的賓語)
△幾個常見加the後可以名詞化的形容詞是:poor, rich, young, old,happy, blind, beautiful等。
△賓語從句應特别注意的三要素是:時态、語序、連接詞。
△少數能跟賓語的形容詞有:happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等。
△直接賓語和間接賓語:
英語中,一些及物動詞如:give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等,可以帶兩個賓語。一個指人,叫間接賓語;一個指物,叫直接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如果放在其後,則間接賓語前一般加介詞to,以表示動作對準誰;或加介詞for,以表示動作為誰做。例如:
He gave me an interesting book.=He give an interesting book to me.
Please bring me some snacks.=Please bring some snacks to me.
Mother told me a story last night.=Mother told a story to me last night.
My uncle often teaches me English songs.
=My uncle often teaches English songs to me.
Jim bought me a beautiful present.
=Jim bought a beautiful present for me.
如果直接賓語是代詞,則必須放在間接賓語之前,并且在二者之間加上介詞to或for。例如:
Give it to me, Lily. 不能說 Give me it, Lily.
There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能說 … pass me them.
△複合賓語
英語中,一些及物動詞的賓語須在其後加上一個補足語,對其進一步作補充說明,意思才夠完整和明确,該補足語即叫賓語補足語。賓語和其補足語一起構成複合賓語,二者之間存在着邏輯上的主謂關系。能擔任賓語補足語的有:名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式和分詞(現在分詞、過去分詞)。例如:
We must keep our classroom clean. (形容詞,Classroom和clean之間存在着邏輯上的主謂關系,即:Our classroom is clean.)
We call the bird “Polly”.(名詞)
(the bird和Polly之間存在着邏輯上的主謂關系,即:The bird is Polly.)
Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. (動詞不定式短語)
(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之間存在着邏輯上的主謂關系,即:We should do Exercise One.)
She always thinks others above herself. (介詞短語)
(Others is always above herself.)
I brought my dog here. (副詞,My dog was here.)
I saw Jack playing under a tree. (現在分詞短語,Jack was playing under a tree.)
In one place I saw children working for a cruel boss.
常見的可帶複合賓語的動詞有:call, find, believe, think, see, feel, make, keep, hear, name, tell, ask, want, invite, let, make, have等。因此我們常用到以下短語:ask( tell / want / invite … ) sb. to do sth.;
let ( make / have / get … ) sb. do sth. ;
see ( hear / watch / feel … ) sb. do sth.;
see ( hear / watch / feel … ) sb. doing sth. 。
其中,感官動詞(see, hear … )和使役動詞 ( let, make, have … )後,如果是動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語,則習慣上去掉不定式符号 to ;但是,當把這類句子轉換成被動語态時,又須将去掉的 to 加上。試比較:
My father made me stay at home last night.
→ I was made to stay at home last night by my father.
Tom saw me come back today.
→ I was seen to come back today by Tom.
三、定 語
修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或句子,叫定語,也稱之為名詞的修飾語。與現代漢語的定語都是前置的所不同的是,英語的定語可以前置,也可以後置。獨立的單詞作定語時,習慣上放在被修飾的詞之前作前置定語;短語或句子(定語從句)作定語時,應放在被修飾的詞後面,作後置定語。能擔任定語的有:形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、名詞所有格(’s 或 of …)、分詞(短語)、動名詞(短語)、動詞不定式(短語)、介詞短語、冠詞以及名詞性從句(定語從句)。例如:
1、冠詞
Mr. Smith gave me a book..
2、形容詞
The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.
3、代詞
Our teacher is coming.(形容詞性物主代詞)
Which book is mine.(疑問代詞)
4、數詞
Mike has two brothers.(基數詞)
Jim sits in the third row.(序數詞)
5、名詞
The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.
The women doctors are from Beijing.
Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students.
We met some men workers in the factory.
6、名詞所有格
Mary’s brother is an engineer.
These are some photos of my father.(名詞所有格作後置定語,爸爸本人的片)
These are some photos of my father's.(名詞所有格作後置定語,爸爸收藏的照片)
7、副詞
The people there are very friendly.(地點副詞作後置定語)
The newspaper today is sold out.(時間副詞作後置定語)
Would you like anything else?(後置定語)
8、介詞短語
The boy under the tree is Jack. (介詞短語作後置定語)
I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world.
Now children in cities and villages can get a good education.
Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter.
9、分詞
The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. (過去分詞)
I know a boy called Tom.(過去分詞短語作後置定語)
The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. (現在分詞)
The car running in the playground is my uncle's.(現在分詞短語作後置定語)
It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries.
I lived in a small mountain town called Fairmont.
10、動詞不定式
At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.(動詞不定式作後置定語)
In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.
She has two children to take care of.(動詞不定式短語作後置定語)
They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat.
11、動名詞
I often go to the reading room in the evening.(動名詞)
The habit eating too much is not good for your health.(動名詞短語作後置定語)
12、定語從句
I know the 2 boys who broken the window yesterday.(定語從句)
△ 後置定語的使用情形:
使 用 情 形 典 型 示 例
1、短語作定語時應後置。 The girl in a hat.戴帽子的那個女孩。
The boy swimming in the river.
在河裡遊泳的那個男孩。
a city called Beijing .
一個叫北京的城市
2、副詞作定語時應後置
(1)、表示時間或地點的副詞 the newspaper yesterday 昨天的報紙
作定語時應後置。常見的有: the people here 這裡的人民
today , yesterday , the food there 那裡的食物
tomorrow,here,there, the words below 下面的單詞
bellow,above,upstairs, the room upstairs 樓上的那個房間
downstairs,abroad 。
(2)、副詞else 與不定代詞、 what else , anything else ,
疑問代詞連用作定語時應後置。 somebody else 。
(3)、不定代詞的定語應後置。
例如:
something,anything,nothing。 something new 一些新的東西
anything to drink 一些(任何)喝的東西
nothing important 沒有什麼重要的東西
3、基數詞、英文字母作定語 No. One , 第一個 ;
表示排序時應後置。 Book One 第一冊 ;
Section A , A 部分;
Picture C 第C 幅圖
4、enough 作形容詞修飾名They worked day and night and never had 詞時,可放在名詞之前,也可 enough food /food enoughto eat. 以放在其後。 他們過去日夜勞作,卻沒有足夠的食物。
5、定語從句放在被修飾的名
詞或代詞之後。 I like to have friends who are different from me.
I don’t like those who are selfish
△ 動詞不定式作定語時,與所修飾的詞通常存在邏輯上的動賓關系。例如:
Please give me something to eat. 存在的邏輯動賓關系是:to eat something;
There is no chair sit to sit on. 存在的邏輯動賓關系是:to sit on the chair; 所以介詞 on 不能省略;
△ 名詞作定語時一般不需要與其所修飾的詞在數上保持一緻,但是man 和woman 作定語時應和其所的名詞在數上保持一緻。例如:
An apple tree, three apple trees ; a bus driver, some bus drivers ;
a man worker , two men workers ; many women teachers .
△ 現在分詞、過去分詞以及動名詞作定語時的區别:現在分詞表示主動意義,表示所修飾的詞正在進行的動作;過去分詞表示被動意義,表示所修飾的名詞所施加的被動動作已完成;動名詞雖然在形式上與現在分詞一樣,但是不表示動作,而是表示所修飾的名詞的内容或用途。
△ 相互之間意義獨立的形容詞修飾共同的名詞時,一律放在前面。例如:
a beautiful young American girl ; an English training school.
四、狀 語
修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子的詞、短語或從句(狀語從句),叫狀語。狀語在句中可以表示:時間、地點、目的、原因、結果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、比較、方向以及伴随等情況。能擔任狀語的有:副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、名詞以及if,whether,when,while,as soon as,because , until ,before 等引導的狀語從句。例如:
1、副詞
He can play the guitar well. (程度)
Please read aloud!(方式)
I'm going to Beijing today.(時間)
It is raining hard.(方式)
Luckily, he didn’t hurt himself.(方式)
We all went into the classroom excitedly.(方式)
Come in , please!(方向)
2 、介詞短語
He stayed at home.(地點)
Thank you for your help.(原因)
Ann run to the door quickly.(方向)
My teacher went into his office with a smile.(方式)
Lily is taller than her sister. (比較)
I’m going to the hospital .(地點)
I like to go to school by bus.(方式)
I have been to Mount Huang with my parents.(方式)
People kept in touch with their friends and relatives far away mainly by letter or telegram. (方式)
We shall leave for Shanghai tomorrow. (地點)
But in order to help support their family, they had to work for the bosses.
3、動詞不定式
The little boy is too young to look after himself.(結果)
I haven’t got money enough to buy the new bike.(結果)
4、名詞
Wait a minute, please.(時間)
Come this way, please.(方向)
Come home earlier this evening.(時間)
Thanks a lot. (程度)
People's living conditions have improved a lot. (程度)
5、狀語從句
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(條件)
When we get there, we shall come to see you right away. (時間)
I'll not come to his party unless I get his invitation. (條件)
I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.
I'll write an E-mail to you as soon as I get to America.(時間)
Jack stays in bed because he is ill today. (原因)
I got up early this morning so that I could catch up the train. (目的)
The movie is so interesting that I have seen it twice. (結果)
Life was so hard that people had no time or money to enjoy leisure activities. (結果)
Father came back while I was cooking the supper. (時間)
△在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,不能使用任何形式的将來時(一般将來時或過去将來時)。當它們用于修飾時态為将來時的主句時,其本身則不能在時态上與主句保持一緻,而用一般現在時來代替一般将來時,或用過去将來時來代替過去将來時。
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